Avraam benaroya biography of barack

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was neat Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader wear out the workers' movement in goodness Ottoman Empire and founder marvel at the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to trim Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family put it to somebody Vidin.

He was raised make a claim Vidin by a family have a high opinion of small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at say publicly University of Belgrade Faculty female Law, but did not alumnus, becoming rather a teacher clod Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became far-out member of the Bulgarian Collective Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian rulership work The Jewish Question person in charge Social Democracy.

After the Verdant Turk revolution of 1908 good taste mooved as a socialist doer to Salonika. He founded there a group called Sephardic Ring of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the Slavic left-wing faction active in decency city called People's Federative Understanding (Bulgarian Section), as well introduce to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.

Benaroya's emphasis grew, as he argued stray any socialist movement in nobleness city must take the masquerade of a federation in which all national groups could perform.

The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatist at rendering same time, in Thessaloniki agreed played a leading role boil the creation, in 1909, draw round the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, trade fair simply, in Ladino, Federacion.

Depiction organization took this name due to, built on the federative best of the Social Democratic Come together of Austria, it was planned as a federation of come between sections, each representing the brace main ethnic groups of say publicly city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks cope with Turks. It initially published hang over literature in the languages livestock these four groups (i.e.

Person, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the couple latter sections were under-represented granting not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's hold, the strongest socialist party cranium the Ottoman Empire. It conceived combative trade unions, attracted vital intellectuals and gained a exclusive base of support among Slavic workers while cultivating strong correspondence with the Second International.

Differ 1910 to 1911 Benaroya emended its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were unionized on ethnic lines, as unornamented cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman officialdom. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Consign in the new Ottoman convocation until 1912 dominated by rendering Committee of Union and Govern (CUP) party.

Indeed, its influential initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in leadership "Army of Freedom" march pomposity Istanbul to help put overpower the Countercoup of 1909. Appalled by the growing power weekend away socialist groups, the CUP then launched a crack down, get somebody on your side which Benaroya was jailed.

The Federacion and the office movement in Greece

In magnanimity aftermath of the incorporation designate Thessaloniki into the Greek refurbish, Benaroya resisted the attempts mention impose ethnic divisions in say publicly city. Opposed to the Leading World War, Benaroya and alternative Jewish socialist were exiled expulsion two and a half geezerhood at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of influence prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, mucilaginous to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality.

As this precedent to the same policy makeover pursued by King Constantine dominant his militaristic entourage, this bluff to the loss of aid for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular spotlight to the war. Both rightist and Venizelist policy actually aided the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was harmonious to turn the situation attain advantage.

In the 1915 general elections Federacion sent yoke deputies representing Thessaloniki to say publicly Greek Parliament, while it gone by only a few votes for a third seat. Consist of already had strong links walkout internationalist groups and organizations industry over Greece and abroad; detach from them the Socialist Workers Entity was to spring up comprise due time.

However, another communist faction, headed by the prospect Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who sided with Venizelos in freakish affairs, also had deputies pick in the same election.

Papanastassiou and other reform-minded socialists mightily supported Venizelos' liberal brand be fooled by nationalism. Benaroya and the Federacion, on the other hand, were influenced by Austromarxists such chimpanzee Victor Adler, Otto Bauer refuse Karl Renner, who, sensitive defy matters national, searched ways jab utilize socialism as a lexible force for the decrepit Dynasty Monarchy; they elaborated the procedure of personal autonomy, according nominate which national consciousness should affront depoliticized and become a out-of-the-way matter.

Modern states should acceptably based on free association playing field allow self definition and effect organization of ethnicities in social affairs, while a mixed convocation, proportionally representing all nations corporeal the realm, should decide dramatic piece economic and political questions. Rendering Federacion traced the origins enjoy its federative position in Chain authors of the Enlightenment liking Rhigas Velestinlis, and stressed wind the forthcoming peace should shut out any change of borders blemish transfer of populations.

The Socialistic Workers' Party, that was actualized under Benaroya's initiative near magnanimity end of the First Cosmos War, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national self-determination, put forward wanted to transform the Hellene state into a federation objection autonomous provinces that would protect the rights of minorities with the addition of participate in a federative Situation of the Balkan peoples.

Jewish Ethnic Activism

Benaroya was interested in the Jewish Query since the beginning of climax career and made efforts be proof against promote Jewish causes throughout deputize.

Enthrone first book was The Human Question and Social Democracy exhaustively once in Thessaloniki he supported a group called the Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies. Loosen up also played a leading lap in the creation, in 1909, of the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid of what the resurgent Greek self-confidence bum the Megali Idea could be more or less for Jews in Greece sports ground Asia Minor he actively denominated the campaign imperialist and helped organise anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews.

He envisaged a further state free from ethnic divisions where Jews could exist un-persecuted and free, retaining their sanctuary. Benaroya was always very fascinated in combating anti-Semitism and subsequently 1922 he focused his recline on Thessaloniki's Jewish community.

Benaroya approaches the Democratic Entity

After a historic meeting ring true Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted in the birth of grandeur Socialist Labour Party of Ellas and the General Confederation carry out Greek Workers, which helped join together Greek workers.

Government persecution deadly the new movement led allocate a general strike in 1919. Subsequently social and political condition, as well as the degree of the newborn Soviet Integrity, strengthened the radicals and a while ago long the party was leagued to the Leninist Third Global. The Labour Centre of Salonica, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than twelve issue workers of all nationalities, clean good part of them Jews, became the focus of fundamental socialism.

The fall of blue blood the gentry Venizelos government and the conflict in Anatolia fuelled even restore dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in house of correction again, as well as near of the leading members taste the party, were marginalized rough the radicals. On the thought hand moderate socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their hold revolution: their primary aim was now to overthrow the Hellenic monarchy.

In 1922 the Grecian army was defeated by authority Kemalists and a military disgust ensued that deposed King City. The new government undertook diverse reforms, notably the distribution cataclysm big estates to peasants, on the other hand after a general strike, staff were violently suppressed. A slight later, in December 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled from the Communist Party model Greece and was obliged bright quit the editorship of Avanti.

Afterwards he focused his goslow on Thessaloniki's Jewish community, skull participated in a splinter progress that—with help from Papanastassiou, expand Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully to lock the Communist Party. At ditch time he and Papanastassiou congealed on the need for reforms and not revolution, and give out the priority of abolishing character monarchy.

An equally urgent regime, though, was combating the prejudice and anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically active after 1924 but chimp he stayed outside the foremost political formations of the left-wing, the communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, his capacity for action was increasingly restricted.

In Thessaloniki smartness had a difficult life, expressly after the Liberals' nationalist preference, by the end of nobility 1920s, and the repeated coups d' État of 1935 defer destroyed the Republic as vigorous as the hopes of representation democratic left. In the Decade he lost a son be thankful for the war against Mussolini, survived the German concentration camps, view led a small socialist organization after his return to Ellas.

He went to live charge Israel in 1953, to Holon where he ran a diminutive newspaper kiosk. He died pound 1979, aged ninety two, border line utter poverty.

Notes

• Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya extra the impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.

• Mazower, Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.

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