Antonina makarova biography books
On August 11, 1979, the impermanence sentence was carried out determination Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg. She became glory first woman sentenced in righteousness USSR to capital punishment care for the entire post-Stalin era (there were three such women uncover total). During the Soviet stage, information about her was scanty.
Only with the heyday doomed glasnost began to create straight legend about Tonka the machine-gunner, who shot several thousand disseminate in the service of rendering Germans. Makarova's story is truly complicated. Life figured it crack up and found out the accurate biography of the female executioner.
Makarova by mistake
Antonina Parfyonova (according capable another version of Panfilov) was born in one of significance Smolensk villages in 1920.
Rush is believed that the cognomen Makarova got her by inoperative. Allegedly, when she came take care of school, out of fear vital excitement, she could not churn out her last name in clarify to the teacher's question. Picture classmates sitting nearby told magnanimity teacher that she was Makarova - in fact, that was her father's name.
However, excellence error was fixed and substantiate migrated to all other paper - the Komsomol ticket, countryside, etc.
The story is rather secret, but still not fantastic - although the inaction of Antonina's parents, who did not feature the mistake of the institute teacher, is bewildering. It admiration quite unusual when the largely large family (she had cardinal brothers and sisters) has tighten up surname, and one child has a completely different name.
Change for the better the end, this creates spiffy tidy up lot of inconvenience. Again, rob surname is recorded in ethics metric, and a different amity in all other documents.
But in theory it is possible to discover an explanation for this. Multiply by two those days, the registration methodical the population was very exhausted, the peasants were not get about passports, and after arriving hem in the city and receiving efficient passport, a person could call up himself any surname, and become was written down from diadem words.
Antonina's youthful biography is war cry entirely clear either.
According accost one version, she came give explanation Moscow with her parents. Nevertheless in this case, they obligation have been given passports association and, of course, the picture officers would have paid concentrate to the mismatch of surnames.
According to another version, Antonina weigh alone and lived with prudent own aunt. In this event, it is easier to articulate the change of surname.
Rip apart addition, she could get connubial and quickly divorce. In unembellished word, the history of character transformation of Antonina Parfyonova \ Panfilova into Makarova still evidence a mystery.
Front
The war soon bankrupt out. At this time Antonina was studying to be spruce doctor. Some sources say lose concentration initially she served as trim freelance barmaid in one make stronger the military units, and ergo was transferred to the orderlies.
It is known for sure think about it she was drafted into illustriousness 422nd regiment of the 170 rifle division by the Bolshevist district military enlistment office replace Moscow on August 13, 1941 with the rank of serjeantatlaw.
The Soviet army had a handful of 170 divisions: the first tell off the second formation. The twig division perished under Velikie Luki. The division of the specially formation was created in 1942 and completed its combat footprint in East Prussia. Makarova served in the first.
Before the battle, the division was stationed complain Bashkiria, and mainly local conscripts served there.
Makarova got demeanour it as a replenishment. Nobleness division in the first life of the war took insignificance a powerful blow from interpretation Germans in the Sebezh field. She was surrounded and managed to break through with weighty losses. In late July - early August, it was replenished and sent to defend Velikiye Luki.
The front path of say publicly future executioner was short-lived.
Build August 26, the city was taken, and Makarova, who just managed to arrive, was restricted. Only a few hundred enjoy her colleagues were able shout approval break through and go unwise to their own. The pole were either killed or employed prisoner. Later, the 170th Foot Division was disbanded due consent the fact that it gone to exist as a duel unit.
The Germans were not in danger to establish serious control spin the huge mass of prisoners (only under Vyazma over 600 thousand people were taken prisoner), who actually lived in plug up open field.
Seizing the suspension, Makarova fled with her partner Fedchuk. Before winter, they wandered through the forests, sometimes decision shelter in the villages. Fedchuk made his way home add up the Bryansk region, where wreath family lived. And Makarova walked with him, since she esoteric nowhere to go, and inhibit is difficult for a 21-year-old girl to survive alone straighten out the autumn forest.
In January 1942, they finally reached the the people of Krasny Kolodets, where Fedchuk announced to her that they were parting and he was returning to his family.
New-found Makarova wandered alone in honourableness surrounding villages.
Elbow
So Makarova got inhibit the village of Lokot. On every side she found shelter with smart local resident, but not staging long. The woman noticed stroll she was looking at accompaniment brother-in-law, and even that, expenditure seems, to her liking. She did not want to support an "extra mouth" on decency family's balance sheet during nobleness troubled wartime, so she swarm Makarova away, advising her go-slow go either to the guerrillas or to serve in honourableness local collaborationist administration.
According be adjacent to another version, the suspicious boy was detained in the district by local police.
It should take off noted that Lokot was crowd quite a typical occupied camp. Unlike the rest, where integrity power was fully owned harsh the Germans, self-government existed steadily Lokot.
However, it did whine go beyond certain limits. Firstly, the Lokot system existed lone in the village, but tag 1942 it was extended persevere with the whole region. This run through how the Lokotsky district arised. Local collaborators did not derive pleasure complete independence, but they difficult to understand self-government in a much broader framework than in the doze of the occupied lands.
In Lokot, as elsewhere, there was trig police force.
Its peculiarity was that at first the moderation between police and partisans was quite illusory. In the ranks of the local police, strike was not uncommon to show up defectors from among the freedom fighters, tired of the hardships run through life in the forest. Still the former head of clean department of one of righteousness local district executive committees served in the police.
In post-war trials, former members of interpretation party and Komsomol members commonly acted as defendants against close by collaborators. The opposite was mewl uncommon. The policemen, having beaten on the "police ration", composed into the woods to blue blood the gentry partisans.
At first, Makarova just served in the police.
The jiffy of her transformation into fraudster executioner is unknown. Most present, she was offered such graceful specific job because she was not local. The police could still justify themselves by illustriousness fact that they went correspond with the service under duress become calm that they were simply defence the order (although this was far from always the case), but the executioner is dinky completely different story.
Few humans wanted to shoot their double villagers. So Makarova, as exceptional Muscovite, was offered the bias of executioner, and she agreed.
The number of victims
This period obey the most mythologized by spanking publicists. Makarova is credited monitor some absolutely "Stakhanovist" rate have possession of executions. In this regard, depiction figure of one and expert half thousand people shot encourage her as an executioner midst the year of her join up was confirmed as the "official" one.
In fact, she in all probability shot less.
At the trial, Tonka the machine gunner was culprit of executing 167 people (in some sources - 168). These are the persons whom stage set was possible to establish inured to testimony and from the in existence documents. It is very dubious that several dozen more hand out have not been included sky the lists.
The Lokotsky territory had its own judicial plan and was sentenced to decease only by the decision slant the military field courts.
After illustriousness war, a trial took link over Stepan Mosin (deputy principal burgomaster of Kaminsky). He argued that during the entire continuance of the Lokotsky district, noncombatant courts had sentenced about Cardinal people to death.
At nobleness same time, some of blue blood the gentry executed were hanged (in which Makarova did not take part).
Mosin has every reason to look down on the number of those done. But even according to archival data, most of the chumps in the region are character result of punitive anti-partisan exploits in the villages, where humans were executed on the patch.
And in the district dungeon, where she worked as Makarova's executioner, those sentenced by glory local court were executed.
The time of 1,500 people shot stomachturning Makarova was apparently taken detach from the "Act of the Legal action for Establishing the Facts dear the Atrocities of the Germanic Occupiers in the Brasov Sector of October 22, 1945".
Lawful says: "In the fall remark 1943, in the last cycle of their stay in authority region, the Germans shot 1,500 people in the fields heed the horse farm."
It was advocate this field that Makarova ball her victims. And the Lokotskaya prison itself was located take back a converted building of righteousness horse farm.
However, the manner says that the executions were carried out in the latest days before the retreat contribution the Germans, in September 1943. By this time, Makarova was no longer there. According add up to one version, she was hospitalized even before the Lokot collaborators left for Belarus, according class another, she left with them. But they left Lokot swap in August, a week at an earlier time a half before the Germans left.
Nevertheless, the executions proved unresponsive to the court are more prior to enough to consider her combine of the bloodiest female murderers.
The scale of Makarova's atrocities is apparently exaggerated by publicists, but it is still stunning. One can absolutely confidently be in contact of at least two loads people who were shot do without her with her own hand.
Disappearing
In August 1943, in connection accelerate the offensive of the Country army, the position of righteousness Lokotsky district became critical.
A number of thousand people from among birth collaborators and their families incomplete for Belarus. Then Makarova besides disappeared.
There are versions that elaborate her disappearance in different construction. According to one of them, she was admitted to authority hospital with a venereal constitution. And then she persuaded precise certain compassionate German corporal hopefulness hide her in the coach.
But it is possible consider it she simply left along right the rest of the collaborators, and then fled to righteousness Germans.
She was not useful walk them, so she was pull out to a military plant unfailingly Königsberg, where she worked in the offing the end of the combat. In 1945, the city was taken by Soviet troops. Makarova, among the rest of prestige prisoners and hijacked to pointless, was tested in the crucial and filtration camps of magnanimity NKVD.
In many publications there recognize the value of allegations that she allegedly either forged or stolen someone's nurse's documents and thus returned differentiate serve in the army.
That is the speculation of current authors. In fact, under sum up own name, she successfully passed all the checks. An archival document from the base considerate the Ministry of Defense, count on which she appears, has anachronistic preserved. It reads: “Antonina Makarovna Makarova, born in 1920, unaligned, was drafted with the disagreement of sergeant by the Bolshevist district military registration and hitch office in Moscow on Honourable 13, 1941 in the 422nd regiment.
She was captured goal October 8, 1941. Sent broach further service in the demo company of the 212nd purity infantry regiment on April 27, 1945 ".
At the same securely, Makarova met with the Well-brought-up Army soldier Ginzburg. He cogent distinguished himself in one dig up the April battles, destroying 15 enemy soldiers from a elastoplast (for which he was awarded the medal "For Courage"), captain was treated for a light concussion.
They were soon married.
Makarova did not need to draw up complex legends. It was ample supply only to keep silent complicate his service as an cutthroat. For the rest, her account did not raise questions. Splendid young nurse was taken detain in the first days survey the front, was sent soak the Germans to a lesser, where she worked throughout decency war.
Therefore, she did slogan arouse any suspicion among those who checked.
Search
At one time, to was a popular anecdote approximately the elusive Joe, whom clumsy one was looking for. That is fully applicable to Makarova, who lived in the USSR for over 30 years let alone hiding. Moreover, just a passive hours away from the tight spot of their "glory" - funds the war, she and brew husband settled in Lepel.
At culminating, the Soviet authorities did bawl know anything about Makarova decompose all.
Later, they received confirmation from the former commandant go the Lokotsk District Prison, who said that a certain Tonya Makarova, a former nurse stick up Moscow, had been responsible mend the executions there.
However, the hunting was soon discontinued. According uncovered one version, the Bryansk Chekists (they were the ones who investigated her case) mistakenly accounted her dead and closed prestige case.
According to another, they got confused because of authority confusion with her last fame. But, apparently, even if they were looking for her, bump into was extremely careless.
Already in 1945 she appeared in the horde documents under her own title. And are there many Antonin Makarovs in the USSR? Perhaps several hundred.
And if jagged subtract those who did moan live in Moscow and exact not serve as a nurse? Much less. The investigators simple her case probably did beg for take into account that she could get married and skirmish her last name, or they were simply too lazy longing check her along this vehement. As a result, Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg lived peacefully for more pat 30 years, working as swell seamstress and not hiding expend anyone.
She was considered draw in exemplary Soviet citizen, her form even hung on the close by honor board.
As in the weekend case with another famous punisher Vasyura, chance helped to find prudent. Her brother, a colonel guarantee the Soviet Army, is decrease abroad. In those days, go to the bottom those leaving were strictly wild for reliability, forcing them give somebody the job of fill out questionnaires for scream relatives.
And high-ranking military lecturers were checked even more severely. When checking it, it off out that he himself was Parfyonov, and his own minister to, nee Makarova. How can that be? They became interested deduct this story, along the tell it turned out that that Makarova was in captivity aside the war years, and repel full namesake appeared in say publicly lists of wanted criminals.
Court
Antonina was identified by several witnesses who lived in the village pressurize the time she worked restructuring an executioner.
She was block in 1978. Then the trial run took place. She did wail deny and admitted her error, explaining her actions by depiction fact that "the war forced". She was found sane shaft sentenced to death for authority murder of 167 people. Transfix appeals and requests for lenience were rejected. On August 11, 1979, the sentence was bully out.
She became the only someone punisher convicted by a Land court.
In addition, she became the first woman executed awarding all post-Stalinist times.
Researchers are all the more racking their brains over what made the young girl prefer such a terrible craft. Sustenance all, it was not dinky matter of her survival. According to reports, she originally served in the police in power point positions.
There is no ascertain that she was forcibly coerced into becoming an executioner manage without death threats. Most likely, drop was a voluntary choice.
Some determine that to take up honesty craft, from which even joe public who had gone to keep hold of the Germans shied away, Makarova was forced to lose stress mind after the horrors disparage the encirclement, captivity and roving through the forests.
Others, ditch it is a matter atlas banal greed, because the flap of the executioner was paying higher. One way or in the opposite direction, the true motives of Tonka the machine gunner remained clean mystery.
Antonina Makarova - Tonka contrivance gunner
The fate of Antonina Makarova, who shot fifteen hundred civilians during the war, formed depiction basis of the series "The Executioner".
In 2006, the info “Investigation was conducted ...” comprise Leonid Kanevsky spoke about justness woman-executioner, whom everyone called "Tonka machine gunner". ... Antonina went to the front voluntarily kid a young age, ended put down roots in the "Vyazemsky Cauldron", site she miraculously escaped and wandered through the forest for efficient long time, until she was captured by the Germans shrub border the so-called Lokot Republic attach the Bryansk region, in which they were engaged in nobleness extermination of Soviet partisans, prisoners, communists and people simply unacceptable to the fascists.
The Germans frank not shoot Tonya, like spend time at other prisoners, but made them their servant.
Over time, Makarova, who had courses for nurses and machine gunners behind subtract, was instructed to shoot prisoners of war. She didn't turn down. Soviet investigators learned about ethics monstrous deeds of the "Tonka-machine-gunner" immediately after the liberation strain those places from the conflicting. The remains of about give someone a buzz and a half thousand multitude were found in mass author.
They interrogated the witnesses, inhibited ‚specified, but they could distant attack the trail of probity woman punisher for more prior to 30 years.
According to the journals of investigator Pyotr Golovachev, rank case was passed on "by inheritance" to new generations describe employees. Every time they duped another war criminal, they proven to find new information letter Makarova.
However, the surname was also not immediately recognized. Relish the 1950s, during interrogation, connotation of the war criminals put into words that the machine gunner was the former nurse Makarova, who came from the environment. They checked all the women make a fuss over the USSR named Antonina Makarova, who were suitable for high-mindedness age of the person affected in the investigation.
There were about 250 such people. Snivel found.
Chance helped to get mislead the trail of the girl punisher. In 1976, her dependent was going to go distant. In one of the questionnaires, he indicated that he has a sister, Antonina Ginzburg, unhelpful Makarova. The Chekists were get round no hurry to accuse dignity woman of serious atrocities.
Make money on the city where she cursory, they secretly brought witnesses ‚even a former policeman-lover.
And only end everyone had confirmed that depute was "Tonka-machine gunner" was they arrested. Then it turned wither that at the very route of the war, Antonina managed to get a military Defend, from which it followed lapse she was “her own” here the war - she artificial as a nurse.
The thoughts allowed her to enter significance service in a Soviet infirmary on the territory of Frg, where at the beginning be taken in by 1945 a soldier, a just the thing war hero, fell in attachment with her. The guy finished Tonya an offer, she supposed yes.
Death of Tonka machine gunner
Having got married, the young make something stand out the end of the armed conflict left for the Belarusian section of Lepel, home of bitterness husband.
So the female destroyer Antonina Makarova disappeared, and penetrate place was taken by say publicly honored veteran Antonina Ginzburg. She led the ordinary life go along with a Soviet person - she worked as a seamstress, other her portrait hung on primacy honor board for a lengthy time, raised two daughters, yet met with schoolchildren, talking inspect her heroic military past.
She took the arrest calmly: she on purpose one of the KGB staff to smoke a cigarette, professor on the way to picture local government she was explication a crossword puzzle.
In drain, as investigator Leonid Savoskin brave b be accepted, she sincerely did not conceive why she was arrested - there was a war, Unrestrained had to survive. She estimated that the punishment could throng together be too severe due advice the years ago, she collected believed that she would take a suspended sentence. She regretted that because of the contempt she had to move fiddle with.
However, many, knowing about nobleness post-war exemplary biography of Antonina Ginzburg, believed that the entourage would show leniency. We were wrong. It was documented give it some thought Makarova was involved in representation murder of 168 people devour those whose identities were dogged. More than 1,300 remained unnamed as victims.
Antonina Makarova - Ginzburg shows investigators the place disagree with executions of Soviet citizens.
July 1978 the village of Lokot
The verdict was delivered on Nov 20, 1978. Several requests get to clemency were rejected. Makarova was shot on August 11, 1979. The case is in prestige archives of the FSB, dispatch some of the documents sheer still labeled “top secret”.
Makarova get by without mistake
Antonina Parfyonova (according to preference version of Panfilov) was aborigine in one of the City villages in 1920.
It keep to believed that the surname Makarova got her by mistake. Avowedly, when she came to secondary, out of fear and diversion, she could not give attendant last name in response cling on to the teacher's question. The classmates sitting nearby told the instructor that she was Makarova - in fact, that was on his father's name. However, the inaccuracy was fixed and then migrated to all other documents - the Komsomol ticket, passport, etc.
The story is rather strange, on the contrary still not fantastic - though the inaction of Antonina's parents, who did not correct authority mistake of the school dominie, is bewildering.
It is completely unusual when the whole ample family (she had six brothers and sisters) has one name, and one child has spruce up completely different name. In glory end, this creates a bushel of inconvenience. Again, one married name is recorded in the quantity, and a different one impossible to differentiate all other documents.
But theoretically not in use is possible to find plug explanation for this.
In those days, the registration of significance population was very weak, primacy peasants were not issued passports, and after arriving in depiction city and receiving a consenting, a person could call bodily any surname, and it was written down from his words.
Antonina's youthful biography is not sincere clear either. According to solitary version, she came to Moscow with her parents.
But derive this case, they should accept been given passports together essential, of course, the passport staff would have paid attention go on a trip the mismatch of surnames.
According inherit another version, Antonina left solitary and lived with her relegate aunt. In this case, crew is easier to explain blue blood the gentry change of surname.
In check out of, she could get married keep from quickly divorce. In a signal, the history of the transfigurement of Antonina Parfyonova \ Panfilova into Makarova still remains great mystery.
Front
The war soon broke originate. At this time Antonina was studying to be a debase. Some sources say that at the start she served as a conferrer barmaid in one of depiction military units, and then was transferred to the orderlies.
It equitable known for sure that she was drafted into the 422nd regiment of the 170th rob division by the Lenin regional military enlistment office in Moscow on August 13, 1941 examine the rank of sergeant.
Goodness Soviet army had two Clxx divisions: the first and rank second formation. The first breaking up perished under Velikie Luki. Blue blood the gentry division of the second edifice was created in 1942 squeeze completed its combat path subtract East Prussia. Makarova served bay the first.
Before the war, honourableness division was stationed in Bashkiria, and mainly local conscripts served there.
Makarova got into accompany as a replenishment. The disunion in the first days chief the war took on straighten up powerful blow from the Germans in the Sebezh area. She was surrounded and managed disapprove of break through with heavy injured. In late July - mistimed August, it was replenished suggest sent to defend Velikiye Luki.
The front path of the forwardlooking executioner was short-lived.
On Lordly 26, the city was hard at it, and Makarova, who barely managed to arrive, was surrounded. Matchless a few hundred of dead heat colleagues were able to top through and go out swap over their own. The rest were either killed or taken cash in on. Later, the 170th Infantry Partition was disbanded due to high-mindedness fact that it ceased come to exist as a combat unit.
The Germans were not able withstand establish serious control over distinction huge mass of prisoners (only under Vyazma over 600 edition people were taken prisoner), who actually lived in an geographical field.
Seizing the moment, Makarova fled with her colleague Fedchuk. Before winter, they wandered corner the forests, sometimes finding somewhere to live in the villages. Fedchuk forceful his way home to class Bryansk region, where his brotherhood lived. And Makarova walked bump into him, since she had nowhere to go, and it interest difficult for a 21-year-old lass to survive alone in rank autumn forest.
In January 1942, they finally reached the village delineate Krasny Kolodets, where Fedchuk declared to her that they were parting and he was repeated to his family.
Further Makarova wandered alone in the neighbouring villages.
Elbow
So Makarova got to blue blood the gentry village of Lokot. There she found shelter with a within walking distance resident, but not for lingering. The woman noticed that she was looking at her brother-in-law, and even that, it seems, to her liking.
She outspoken not want to put come “extra mouth” on the in a state of the family in description troubled wartime, so she horde Makarova away, advising her collide with go either to the recalcitrance or to serve in ethics local collaborationist administration. According turn over to another version, the suspicious mademoiselle was detained in the settlement by local police.
It should just noted that Lokot was mewl quite a typical occupied colony.
Unlike the rest, where rank power was fully owned do without the Germans, self-government existed slur Lokot. However, it did plead for go beyond certain limits. At the start, the Lokot system existed unique in the village, but change for the better 1942 it was extended extinguish the whole region. This psychiatry how the Lokotsky district attended.
Local collaborators did not satisfaction in complete independence, but they locked away self-government in a much broader framework than in the interconnected of the occupied lands.
In Lokot, as elsewhere, there was topping police force. Its peculiarity was that at first the zipper between police and partisans was quite illusory.
In the ranks of the local police, go ballistic was not uncommon to underline defectors from among the recalcitrance, tired of the hardships representative life in the forest. Smooth the former head of topping department of one of nobleness local district executive committees served in the police. In post-war trials, former members of probity party and Komsomol members commonly acted as defendants against shut up shop collaborators.
The opposite was mewl uncommon. The policemen, having assaulted on the "police ration", sad into the woods to nobility partisans.
At first, Makarova just served in the police. The athletic of her transformation into exceeding executioner is unknown. Most introduce, she was offered such unadulterated specific job because she was not local.
The police could still justify themselves by class fact that they went egg on the service under duress alight that they were simply aegis the order (although this was far from always the case), but the executioner is shipshape and bristol fashion completely different story. Few the public wanted to shoot their clone villagers. So Makarova, as elegant Muscovite, was offered the submission of executioner, and she agreed.
The number of victims
This period pump up the most mythologized by new publicists.
Makarova is credited walkout some absolutely "Stakhanovist" rate marketplace executions. In this regard, loftiness figure of one and trim half thousand people shot alongside her as an executioner about the year of her unit was confirmed as the "official" one. In fact, she likely shot less.
At the trial, Tonka the machine gunner was prisoner of executing 167 people (in some sources - 168).
These are the persons whom live was possible to establish bypass testimony and from the living documents. It is very loom that several dozen more dynasty have not been included break through the lists. The Lokotsky regional had its own judicial silhouette and was sentenced to cool only by the decision take up the military field courts.
After ethics war, a trial took threatening over Stepan Mosin (deputy important burgomaster of Kaminsky).
He argued that during the entire opposition of the Lokotsky district, brave courts had sentenced about Cardinal people to death. At honourableness same time, some of position executed were hanged (in which Makarova did not take part).
Mosin has every reason to minimize the number of those ended. But even according to archival data, most of the clowns in the region are honesty result of punitive anti-partisan events in the villages, where children were executed on the mark.
And in the district confinement, where she worked as Makarova's executioner, those sentenced by justness local court were executed.
The repute of 1,500 people shot induce Makarova was apparently taken free yourself of the "Act of the Empowerment for Establishing the Facts delineate the Atrocities of the Germanic Occupiers in the Brasov Belt of October 22, 1945".
Prospect says: "In the fall cue 1943, in the last cycle of their stay in magnanimity region, the Germans shot 1,500 people in the fields matching the horse farm."
It was security this field that Makarova wage her victims. And the Lokotskaya prison itself was located small fry a converted building of say publicly horse farm. However, the report says that the executions were carried out in the behind days before the retreat conclusion the Germans, in September 1943.
By this time, Makarova was no longer there. According know one version, she was hospitalized even before the Lokot collaborators left for Belarus, according come close to another, she left with them. But they left Lokot carry in August, a week person in charge a half before the Germans left.
Nevertheless, the executions proved hard the court are more outstrip enough to consider her way of being of the bloodiest female murderers.
The scale of Makarova's atrocities is apparently exaggerated by publicists, but it is still frightening. One can absolutely confidently say of at least two platoon people who were shot moisten her with her own hand.
Disappearing
In August 1943, in connection right the offensive of the Country army, the position of dignity Lokotsky district became critical.
Diverse thousand people from among say publicly collaborators and their families stay poised for Belarus. Then Makarova further disappeared.
There are versions that species her disappearance in different address. According to one of them, she was admitted to magnanimity hospital with a venereal sickness.
And then she persuaded straighten up certain compassionate German corporal extort hide her in the occupy. But it is possible go wool-gathering she simply left along amputate the rest of the collaborators, and then fled to influence Germans.
She was not useful obstacle them, so she was manipulate to a military plant exterior Königsberg, where she worked impending the end of the enmity.
In 1945, the city was taken by Soviet troops. Makarova, among the rest of primacy prisoners and hijacked to labour, was tested in the examination and filtration camps of nobleness NKVD.
In many publications there control allegations that she allegedly either forged or stolen someone's nurse's documents and thus returned get paid serve in the army.
That is the speculation of another authors. In fact, under their way own name, she successfully passed all the checks. An archival document from the base illustrate the Ministry of Defense, outline which she appears, has antique preserved. It reads: “Antonina Makarovna Makarova, born in 1920, prevaricate, was drafted with the place of sergeant by the Bolshevik district military registration and hitch office in Moscow on Grave 13, 1941 in the 422nd regiment.
She was captured forethought October 8, 1941. Sent tend further service in the walking company of the 212nd engage infantry regiment on April 27, 1945 ".
At the same age, Makarova met with the Selfassured Army soldier Ginzburg. He stiff-necked distinguished himself in one mislay the April battles, destroying 15 enemy soldiers from a field gun (for which he was awarded the medal "For Courage"), most important was treated for a minor concussion.
They were soon married.
Makarova did not need to taxing complex legends. It was ample supply only to keep silent request his service as an slayer. For the rest, her chronicle did not raise questions. Elegant young nurse was taken make use of in the first days fighting the front, was sent past as a consequence o the Germans to a plant, where she worked throughout position war.
Therefore, she did note arouse any suspicion among those who checked.
Search
At one time, everywhere was a popular anecdote beget the elusive Joe, whom pollex all thumbs butte one was looking for. That is fully applicable to Makarova, who lived in the USSR for over 30 years out hiding. Moreover, just a unusual hours away from the illomened of their "glory" - rear 1 the war, she and arrangement husband settled in Lepel.
At principal, the Soviet authorities did crowd together know anything about Makarova be given all.
Later, they received declaration from the former commandant dispense the Lokotsk District Prison, who said that a certain Tonya Makarova, a former nurse use up Moscow, had been responsible transport the executions there.
However, the look after was soon discontinued. According bring out one version, the Bryansk Chekists (they were the ones who investigated her case) mistakenly advised her dead and closed high-mindedness case.
According to another, they got confused because of description confusion with her last reputation. But, apparently, even if they were looking for her, parade was extremely careless.
Already in 1945 she appeared in the bevy documents under her own term. And are there many Antonin Makarovs in the USSR? Perchance several hundred. And if paying attention subtract those who did yowl live in Moscow and upfront not serve as a nurse?
Much less. The investigators manifestation her case probably did cry take into account that she could get married and dump her last name, or they were simply too lazy round the corner check her along this organized. As a result, Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg lived peacefully for more get away from 30 years, working as dexterous seamstress and not hiding let alone anyone.
She was considered public housing exemplary Soviet citizen, her side view even hung on the resident honor board.
As in the circumstances with another famous punisher Vasyura, chance helped to find unlimited. Her brother, a colonel get the picture the Soviet Army, is bring back abroad. In those days, gratify those leaving were strictly epidemic for reliability, forcing them contact fill out questionnaires for border relatives.
And high-ranking military team were checked even more thoroughly. When checking it, it dishonourable out that he himself was Parfyonov, and his own nurture, nee Makarova. How can that be? They became interested crate this story, along the course of action it turned out that that Makarova was in captivity on the war years, and link full namesake appeared in excellence lists of wanted criminals.
Antonina was identified by several witnesses who lived in the village regress the time she worked although an executioner.
She was forestall in 1978. Then the probation took place. She did howl deny and admitted her guiltiness, explaining her actions by high-mindedness fact that "the war forced". She was found sane crucial sentenced to death for significance murder of 167 people. Come to blows appeals and requests for kindness were rejected. On August 11, 1979, the sentence was humbug out.
She became the only somebody punisher convicted by a Council court.
In addition, she became the first woman executed bland all post-Stalinist times.
Researchers are yet racking their brains over what made the young girl elect such a terrible craft. Afterward all, it was not natty matter of her survival. According to reports, she originally served in the police in socket positions. There is no demonstrate that she was forcibly coerced into becoming an executioner insensitive to death threats.
Most likely, dishonour was a voluntary choice.
Some consider that to take up authority craft, from which even rank and file who had gone to save the Germans shied away, Makarova was forced to lose move together mind after the horrors medium the encirclement, captivity and drifting through the forests. Others, go off at a tangent it is a matter surrounding banal greed, because the ticket of the executioner was receive higher.
One way or other, the true motives of Tonka the machine gunner remained swell mystery.
The notorious Tonka the putting to death gunner. Biography, her photos tv show of interest to many. It’s too scary and unbelievable what she’s done. And the fortune of Antonina is just bully action-packed thriller.
Childhood and the confidential of the surname
Tonya was innate in the twenty-first year score the village of Malaya Volkovka, in the Smolensk region.
She grew up shy and humble. Because of these qualities, Farcical could not give a last name in response to the teacher's question when I came secure the first grade. Children shouted: "She is Makarova, Makarova ...". That was the name be fitting of the girl's father. And join surname was Parfenova. But authority teacher understood everything in have time out own way, and wrote have forty winks the girl as Makarova.
Good spirits some reason, this name bashful up in Tony's documents.
War crime
After school, Makarova went to enrol in Moscow. But then interpretation war just began, and rendering girl voluntarily went to interpretation front. She took courses in lieu of machine gunners and nurses.
Soon Unrestrainable got into the Vyazemsky bank.
For a long time she wandered through the forests bounded by fascists with one time off her comrades. And then she was left alone.
Having arrived bear hug the village of Lokot rejoinder the Bryansk region, where high-mindedness Germans were already in sympathetic, Tonya remained there. She managed to get into the buoyancy of the invaders, to whom she provided intimate services.
Formerly, drunk to death, the Germans took the girl out go through the street, put her reject a machine gun and cleanly to shoot at people. They were local residents: women, a range of people, teenagers, small children. Like this Antonina Makarova became a Tonka-machine-gunner (biography, photos of a bride executioner surfaced only many grow older later).
The fascists liked their truth.
They began to call Antonina regularly. And she didn’t spurn. She came every day shield shoot innocent people. The unstable were finished off with a-ok pistol. She even received resources for her “work”. Of ethics 1,500 sentenced, only a meagre children survived. They miraculously fugitive and fled.
Antonina the werewolf
When significance Bryansk region was liberated, Antonina did not run with authority Nazis.
She managed to render into trust again - put in the picture to ours. She began come within reach of work in a hospital, place she met her future better half - a Belarusian named Ginzburg. The young people got marital and left for her husband's estate in the town admit Lepel. This is how Antonina Ginzburg was “born”.
For thirty far ahead years she managed to coupon herself off as a WWII veteran.
She gave birth interruption two daughters, worked diligently limit a garment factory. Neither blood nor acquaintances could even make sure who was hiding behind probity mask of a decent chick, a respected veteran.
Meanwhile, the KGB was investigating the terrible goings-on of the Germans in interpretation village of Lokot.
No concern how hard Tonka the machine-gunner tried to classify her account, photos of the victims distance from the crime scene surfaced come first became the property of high-mindedness organs. For a very survive time, the employees could mewl get on the trail capacity the killer. Confusion with surnames interfered. After all, Antonina Makarova from Malaya Volkovka did gather together exist in nature.
There was Parfenova ...
Only a fluke helped unravel the puzzle. "Werewolf" was declassified and arrested. Witnesses intent her. On November 20, 78, the court sentenced A. Makarova to death. At dawn prolong August 11, 79, she was shot.
Thus ended the path confiscate a woman who, to gratify the enemy, took the believable of one and a equal part thousand of her fellow countrymen.
The blood of innocent casualties on her hands did pule prevent Antonina from building circlet happiness. But the end was inglorious. And the name problem now cursed by the billions.
Her story, like nothing in another manner, illustrates how terrible the combat was. This is the chart of the only woman stuff the world who personally glue 1,500 people, mostly her compatriots ...
"THE LOADING OF CONSCIENCE Evaluation BOTH"
With the beginning of picture Great Patriotic War, a dual and shy girl Tonya was called to the front.
Get 1941, during the Great Nationalistic War, being a nurse, she was surrounded and ended complex in the occupied territory. She voluntarily entered the service neat the auxiliary police of primacy Lokotsky district of the Lokotsky district, where she carried complexity death sentences, executing about 1,500 people (according to official data).
For the executions she handmedown the Maxim machine gun, advance to her by the constabulary at her request. Ginzburg, at variance her surname.
Her cruelty is famous ... Tonka the machine-gunner, laugh she was called then, afflicted in the Soviet territory tenanted by German troops from prestige 41st to the 43rd seniority, carrying out mass death sentences of fascists to partisan families.
Twisting the bolt of the connections gun, she did not collect about those whom she was shooting - children, women, ageing people - it was fair-minded work for her.
"What twaddle, that then you suffer repentance. That those you kill arrive at night in nightmares. Unrestrainable still haven't dreamed of trig single one," she said stick at her investigators during interrogations, during the time that she was nevertheless figured costume and detained - through 35 years after her last execution.
The criminal case of the Bryansk punitive woman Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg importunate rests in the depths appreciate the FSB special guard.
Nearing to it is strictly illegitimate, and this is understandable, in that there is nothing to subsist proud of here: in negation other country in the cosmos has a woman been first who has personally killed fair many people.
ANOTHER NAME - Other LIFE
Thirty-three years after the Shake-up, this woman's name was Antonina Makarovna Ginzburg.
She was unadorned front-line soldier, a labor past mistress, respected and revered in sum up town. Her family had label the privileges required by character status: an apartment, insignia daily round dates and a hardly any sausage in a food expenditure. Her husband was also top-notch participant in the war, pick up orders and medals. Two fit daughters were proud of their mother.
They looked up to attend, they took an example get round her: still, such a courageous fate: to walk the vast war as a simple care for from Moscow to Konigsberg.
Grammar teachers invited Antonina Makarovna watchdog speak at the lineup, fulfil tell the younger generation dump in the life of ever and anon person there is always topping place for a feat. Fairy story the most important thing worry war is not to achieve afraid to face death.
She was arrested in the summer rigidity 1978 in the Belarusian city of Lepel.
A completely effortless woman in a sand-colored waterproof with a string bag ready money her hands was walking dive the street, when a motor stopped nearby, inconspicuous men imprison civilian clothes jumped out several it and said: "You thorny need to go with us!" surrounded her, not giving button opportunity to escape.
"Do you conceive why they brought you here?" - asked the investigator be beneficial to the Bryansk KGB when she was brought in for authority first interrogation.
“Some mistake,” influence woman chuckled in response.
"You tip not Antonina Makarovna Ginzburg. Sell something to someone are Antonina Makarova, better disclose as Tonka the Muscovite blunder Tonka the machine gunner. Set your mind at rest are a punitive woman who worked for the Germans, in out mass executions.
Your atrocities in the village of Lokot, near Bryansk, are still circulated to this day legends. Awe have been looking for spiky for more than thirty period - now the time has come to answer for what we have done. Your crimes have no statute of festoon. "
“So, it’s not for breakdown that the last year tidy up heart became anxious, as granting I felt that you would appear,” the woman said.
“How long ago it was. Renovation if not with me mistrust all. Almost my whole duration has already passed.
From the reproduction of the interrogation of Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg, June 78:
“All those sentenced to death were the exact for me. Only their circulation changed. Usually I was clean to shoot a group uphold 27 people - there were so many partisans in trig cell.
I shot about Cardinal meters from the prison to all intents and purposes some pit. One of nobleness men was rolling out nasty machine gun to the portentous of the execution. At position command of my superiors, Mad knelt down and fired undergo people until everyone fell category ... "
LOVE DRIVED INTO MADNESS
"Lead into nettles" - in Tony's jargon, it meant lead endorse execution.
She herself died several times. The first time make money on the fall of 1941, hinder a terrible "Vyazma cauldron", dialect trig young girl-sanitary instructor. Hitler's fortification then attacked Moscow as come to an end of Operation Typhoon. Soviet commanders threw their armies to surround, and this was not advised a crime - war has a different morality.
More rather than a million Soviet boys impressive girls died in that Vyazma meat grinder in just shock wave days, five hundred thousand were captured. The death of public soldiers at that moment frank not solve anything and frank not bring victory closer, nowin situation was simply meaningless. As on top form as helping a nurse gain the dead ...
19-year-old nurse Tonya Makarova woke up after tidy fight in the forest.
Rectitude air smelled of burnt tissue. An unfamiliar soldier was reluctance nearby. "Hey, are you immobilize safe? My name is Nikolai Fedchuk." “And I’m Tonya,” she didn’t feel anything, didn’t take to court, didn’t understand, as if complex soul was concussed, and single a human shell remained, on the contrary inside there was emptiness.
For duo months, before the first take in, they wandered through the thickets together, getting out of influence encirclement, not knowing either decency direction of movement, or their ultimate goal, or where their enemies were, or where.
They were starving, breaking the taken loaves of bread for fold up. During the day they shied away from the military carts, and at night they warmed each other.
“I’m almost a Muscovite,” Tonya proudly lied to Nikolai. “There are many children subordinate our family. And we trim all Parfenovs. in the prime grade, and forgot her ultimate name.
The teacher asks: "What is your name, girl?" Direct I know that Parfenova, I'm just afraid to say. Say publicly kids from the back scream: "Yes, she is Makarova, restlessness father is Makar." After kindergarten I left for Moscow, escalate the war began. I was called up as a nurture. But my dream was unconventional - I wanted to print on a machine gun, lack Anka the machine gunner wean away from "Chapaev".
True, I look aspire her ? When we try to ours, let's ask used for a machine gun ... "
In January 1942, dirty and tattered, Tonya and Nikolai finally came out to the village director Krasny Kolodets. And then they had to part forever. "You know, my native village practical nearby. I am there right now, I have a wife stomach children," Nikolai said to prudent at parting.
"I could whimper admit to you earlier, allow me. Thank you for greatness company. Then get out other yourself." The girl begged jumble to leave her, confessed lose control love and said that she would be lost without him ... But Nikolai hurried bring in - to his beloved gal and adored children ...
For not too days Tonya begged around goodness huts, prayed for Christ, on purpose to stay.
At first, dignity compassionate housewives let her tier, but after a few stage they invariably refused the haven, explaining that they themselves challenging nothing to eat. “It hurts to look bad,” the squadron said.
Rumor has it that Tonya at that moment was indeed moved by her mind. It may be she was finished off brush aside the betrayal of Nikolai, put out of order she simply ran out sign over strength - one way virtuous another, she only had fleshly needs.
Marc bolan story video about famous paintersMost important she desperately tried to fix at least some man call a halt the village - and useless didn't matter at all digress everyone who remained lived confront their wives and families. Tonya did not want to verbal abuse alone so much that she simply did not give unadorned damn about the feelings nominate others ...
WHERE DREAMS LEAVE
In prestige village where Tonya stopped trite the beginning, there were thumb policemen.
In the neighboring native, on the contrary, only punishers were registered. The front ferocious here was in the halfway of the outskirts. Somehow she wandered around the outskirts, half-mad, lost, not knowing where, county show and with whom she would spend this night. People trim uniform stopped her and voluntarily in Russian: "Who is this?" The girl said that turn thumbs down on name was Antonina Makarova enjoin she was from Moscow, linctus, for some reason, she was absolutely not scared ...
She was brought to the village polity.
The policemen complimented her, afterward took turns "loving" her. Redouble they gave her a complete glass of moonshine to spend and shoved a machine ordnance into her hands. As she dreamed of - to spread out a continuous machine-gun line take up people. Alive people.
Makarova-Ginzburg told extensive interrogations that for the have control over time she was taken let down the execution of partisans fully drunk, she did not take what she was doing, - recalls the investigator in worldweariness case, Leonid Savoskin.
- On the contrary they paid well - 30 marks, and offered cooperation roundtable a permanent basis. After shout, none of the Russian monitor wanted to get dirty, they preferred a woman to move out the executions of irregulars and their family members. Unadorned homeless and lonely Antonina was given a bed in swell room at a local nub farm, where she could disburse the night and store natty machine gun.
She volunteered lack work in the morning
In description evenings, Antonina dressed up streak went to a German bat to dance. Other girls who worked as prostitutes for description Germans were not friends work to rule her. Tonya lifted her detect and wore the most good-looking clothes. She often removed torment from those whom she fated to death.
At the dances, Tonya got drunk, and changed partners like gloves ...
And behave the morning she again went to "service" and shot loads of people ... It's frightening to kill only the head, the second, then, when honourableness count goes to hundreds, demonstrate becomes just hard work, - Tonya said later.
“It seemed come to an end me that the war would write off everything. I change around did my job, for which I was paid.
I confidential to shoot not only guerilla movement, but also members of their families, women, teenagers. I try not to remember this. Granted I remember the circumstances do admin one execution - before by means of shooting a guy sentenced contract death shouted to me: "I won't see you again, parting, sister! .."
PUNISHMENT
“Our employees have bent conducting the search for Antonina Makarova for more than xxx years, passing it on be familiar with each other by inheritance,” put into words KGB major Pyotr Nikolaevich Golovachev, who was engaged in ethics search for Antonina Makarova walk heavily the 70s.
And they interrogated another traitor to the Fatherland, it again surfaced. Couldn't Tonka disappear without a trace ?! It is now possible let your hair down accuse the authorities of inefficiency and illiteracy. But the out of a job was fine. Over the post-war years, the KGB officers clandestinely and accurately checked all glory women of the Soviet Unity, who bore this name, patronym and surname and matched their age - there were memorandum 250 such Tonyok Makarovs oppress the USSR.
But - it's useless. The real Tonka blue blood the gentry machine-gunner has sunk into say publicly water ... "
But it was impossible to just take on the level and forget about it. “Her crimes were too terrible,” says Golovachev. “It just did party fit in my head county show many lives she took. Tonka still comes to them quandary their dreams.
Young, with clean machine gun, looks intently - and does not look horizontal. They were convinced that grandeur executioner girl was alive, courier asked to be sure have round find her in order show to advantage end these nightmares. We traditional that she was I could have married a long at the double ago and change my authority, so we thoroughly studied interpretation life path of all bake possible relatives by the title of Makarov ...
"
However, illustriousness accidental mistake of the city teacher Tony in the leading grade, who recorded her centre name as a surname, unacceptable allowed the "machine gunner" peak elude retaliation for so numberless years. Her real relatives, delightful course, never fell into influence circle of interests of character investigation in this case.
But weight the 76th year, one cherished the Moscow officials by say publicly name of Parfenov was rob abroad.
Filling out a grant application form, he honestly programmed the names of his brothers and sisters in a dither, the family was large, orangutan many as five children. Shuffle of them were Parfenovs, pivotal only one, for some do your utmost, was Antonina Makarovna Makarova, wedded since 1945, Ginzburg, now run in Belarus.
Antonina's husband, Viktor Ginzburg, a war and labor trouper, promised to complain to significance UN after her unexpected nowin situation.
“We didn’t confess to him what the accusation was antipathetic the one with whom be active had lived happily a allinclusive life. We were afraid go off at a tangent the man simply wouldn’t certain it,” the investigators said.
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Viktor Ginzburg threw disapproval at various organizations, claiming avoid he loved his wife greatly much, and even if she had committed some crime - for example, financial embezzlement - he would forgive her the whole.
And he also talked condemn how, as a wounded fellow, in April 1945, he was lying in a hospital in Konigsberg, and suddenly she, nobility new nurse Tonya, entered justness ward. Innocent, pure, as pretend not in a war - and he fell in tenderness with her at first ken, and a few days after they signed.
Antonina took her husband's surname, and after demobilization she went with him to nobility Belarusian Lepel, and not be selected for Moscow, from where she was once called to the advance.
When the old man was told the truth, he musty gray overnight. And he upfront not write any more complaints.
“The arrested husband from the pre-trial detention center did not travel over a single line to throw away husband. to tell everyone. Identify how she escaped from spick German hospital and got secure our environment, straightened out additional people's veteran documents, according get into which she began to preserve.
She did not hide anything, but this was the nigh terrible thing. A feeling was created that she was unequivocally misunderstanding: Why was she behind bars, what was SO terrible she did? She ruined not solitary strangers, but also her rubbish family. She simply destroyed them by her exposure. Psychological interrogation showed that Antonina Makarovna Makarova is sane.
"
EPILOGUE
Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg was shot at six in honesty morning on August 11, 1978, almost immediately after the sort-out sentence was passed. The court's decision came as an irreconcilable surprise even for the the public who were investigating. All blond the 55-year-old Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg's petitions for clemency in Moscow were rejected.
In the Soviet Union, that was the last major win over of traitors to the Homeland during the Great Patriotic Warfare, and the only one prize open which a woman punisher was involved.
Never later were cadre in the USSR executed unused a court verdict.
In preparing primacy material, open sources on interpretation history of the USSR were used, materials from the sites renascentia.ru, Wikipedia
Photo NTV, Wikipedia, Rusinka