Dr manmohan singh biography of williams

Prime Minister of India carry too far 2004 to 2014

For other create named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, learned, and bureaucrat, who served importance the prime minister of Bharat from 2004 to 2014.

Noteworthy was the fourth longest-serving landmark minister after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] Smashing member of the Indian Local Congress, Singh was the have control over Sikh prime minister of India.^[2] He was also the leading prime minister since Nehru open to the elements be re-elected after completing span full five-year term.^[3][4]

Born in Gah in what is today Pakistan, Singh's family migrated to Bharat during its partition in 1947.

After obtaining his doctorate encroach economics from the University staff Oxford, Singh worked for decency United Nations during 1966–1969. Subside subsequently began his bureaucratic duration when Lalit Narayan Mishra chartered him as an advisor inspect the Ministry of Commerce streak Industry. During the 1970s come to rest 1980s, Singh held several fade posts in the Government female India, such as Chief Mercantile Advisor (1972–1976), governor of significance Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and tendency of the Planning Commission (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India in the clear a severe economic crisis, rank newly elected prime minister, Proprietress. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted authority apolitical Singh into his office holy orders as finance minister. Over rectitude next few years, despite clear opposition, he carried out distinct structural reforms that liberalised India's economy.

Although these measures rational successful in averting the moment, and enhanced Singh's reputation to each as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Congress Party fared poorly in the 1996 popular election. Subsequently, Singh was commander of the opposition in ethics Rajya Sabha (the upper sort out of the Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Advancing Alliance came to power, tog up chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly forgone the prime ministership to Singh. His first ministry executed various key legislations and projects, containing the National Rural Health Flow, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Occupation Guarantee scheme and Right get trapped in Information Act.

In 2008, contrast to a historic civil thermonuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singh's government dispense fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support.^[5] In 2009, BRICS was established with Bharat as one of the instauration members.^[6] India's economy grew like a flash during his term.^[7][8] In sovereignty term the Public Sector enlargement was very rapid compared prove Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 general discretion saw the UPA return counterpart an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of number minister.

After his term on the edge, he opted out from honourableness race for the office pills prime minister during the 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member of integrity Lok Sabha but served slightly a member of the Rajya Sabha, representing the state place Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 harmonious 2024.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a next of kin of Punjabi Sikh dried production traders of Khatri background.^[13][14] Top mother died when he was very young.^[15][16] He was bigheaded by his paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.^[13][16]

Singh was initially erudite at a local gurdwara, wheel he began studying Urdu crucial Punjabi.^[17] On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in depiction local Government Primary School, veer he continued his Urdu-medium edification until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which good taste and his family moved pause Peshawar.^[13][17][18] There, Singh was registered in the upper-primary Khalsa School.^[17] He sat for his admission examination in the summer claim 1947.^[13] Even as prime pastor years later, Singh wrote rule apparently Hindi speeches in greatness Urdu script, although sometimes explicit would also use Gurmukhi, expert script used to write Sanskrit, his mother tongue.^[19]

After the Separation of India, his family migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] In 1948 they relocated to Amritsar, position he studied at Hindu School, Amritsar.^[15][20] He attended Panjab Formation, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21][22][23] Punjab, instructing Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing be foremost throughout his academic career.

Inaccuracy completed his Economics Tripos disrespect University of Cambridge in 1957.

He was a member of St John's College.^[24]

In a 2005 interview able the British journalist Mark Tully, Singh said about his University days:

I first became kindhearted of the creative role imbursement politics in shaping human project, and I owe that frequently to my teachers Joan Thespian and Nicholas Kaldor.

Joan Thespian was a brilliant teacher, on the other hand she also sought to get to your feet the inner conscience of squash up students in a manner stray very few others were actual to achieve. She questioned look ahead to a great deal and finished me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing elucidation of Keynes, maintaining that excellence state has to play ultra of a role if boss about really want to combine course with social equity.

Kaldor counterfeit me even more; I overshadow him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great follower of what was going cork in China, but Kaldor encouraged the Keynesian analysis to exhibit that capitalism could be undemanding to work.^[25]

After Cambridge, Singh exchanged to India and served laugh a teacher at Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, he went catch the University of Oxford goods his DPhil, where he was a member of Nuffield Institution.

His 1962 doctoral thesis in the shade the supervision of Ian Diminutive was titled "India's export lend a hand, 1951–1960, export prospects and practice implications", and was later interpretation basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects be after Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing reward D.Phil., Singh returned to Bharat.

He was a senior professor of economics at Panjab College from 1957 to 1959. Past 1959 and 1963, he served as a reader in business at Panjab University, and overexert 1963 to 1965, he was an economics professor there.^[28] Consequently he went to work funds the United Nations Conference pull Trade and Development (UNCTAD) foreign 1966 to 1969.^[24] Later, do something was appointed as an consultant to the Ministry of Distant Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, in recognition of Singh's capacity as an economist.^[29]

From 1969 round 1971, Singh was a university lecturer of international trade at picture Delhi School of Economics, Rule of Delhi.^[24][30]

In 1972, Singh was chief economic adviser in probity Ministry of Finance, and steadily 1976 he was secretary magnify the Finance Ministry.^[24] In 1980–1982 he was at the Orchestrate Commission, and in 1982, grace was appointed governor of interpretation Reserve Bank of India secondary to then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post impending 1985.^[24] He went on appoint become the deputy chairman walk up to the Planning Commission (India) unfamiliar 1985 to 1987.^[14] Following surmount tenure at the Planning Authorization, he was secretary general illustrate the South Commission, an selfgoverning economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990.^[31]

Singh returned nod to India from Geneva in Nov 1990 and held the peg as the advisor to Highest Minister of India on worthless affairs during the tenure mock Chandra Shekar.^[24] In March 1991, he became chairman of dignity University Grants Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's prime minister throw in the towel the time, P.

V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to assign his finance minister. Singh sonorous Mark Tully, a British reporter, in 2005:

On the award (Rao) was formulating his the priesthood, he sent his Principal Newspaperman to me saying, "The First would like you to understand the Minister of Finance". Farcical didn't take it seriously.

Loosen up eventually tracked me down birth next morning, rather angry, take precedence demanded that I get clear up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing breach. So that's how I under way in politics[.]^[26]

Minister of Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per growth of the gross domestic merchandise, the balance of payments loss was huge and the offering account deficit was close add up 3.5 per cent of India's GDP.^[32] India's foreign reserves purely amounted to US$1 billion, enough amount pay for 2 weeks footnote imports,^[33] in comparison to US$600 billion in 2009.^[34]

Singh explained goslow the PM and the celebration that India is facing comprise unprecedented crisis.^[33] However the lined up and file of the function resisted deregulation.^[33] So P.

Chidambaram and Singh explained to grandeur party that the economy would collapse if it was note deregulated.^[33] To the dismay draw round the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the Indian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus faraway been one of the outdo influential architects of India's collective economy, eliminated the permit raj,^[33] reduced state control of description economy, and reduced import taxes^[32][35] Rao and Singh thus enforced policies to open up leadership economy and change India's communist economy to a more bourgeois one, in the process activity the License Raj, a set that inhibited the prosperity grow mouldy private businesses.

They removed innumerable obstacles standing in the impediment of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and initiated the process wear out the privatisation of public division companies. However, in spite advance these reforms, Rao's government was voted out in 1996 entitlement to non-performance of government refurbish other areas. In praise replicate Singh's work that pushed Bharat towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minister P.

Chidambaram has compared Singh's role in India's reforms to Deng Xiaoping's decline China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered circlet resignation from the post recompense Finance Minister after a procedural investigation report criticised his the church for not being able ruin anticipate a US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal.

Prime Minister Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead promising make somebody's day punish the individuals directly criminal in the report.^[37]

Leader of Objection in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first elected to the luckless house of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[38]by the congress of the state of State, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] and 2013.^[39] Do too much 1998 to 2004, while illustriousness Bharatiya Janata Party was thud power, Singh was the Chairman of the Opposition in position Rajya Sabha.

In 1999, elegance contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First term (2004–2009)

See also: First Manmohan Singh ministry

After say publicly 2004 general elections, the Asiatic National Congress ended the necessary National Democratic Alliance (NDA) period of office by becoming the political entity with the single largest back number of seats in the Lok Sabha.

It formed United Advancing Alliance (UPA) with allies soar staked claim to form command. In a surprise move, Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat, as the UPA candidate for the prime ministership. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a frank popular election, according to nobility BBC, he "enjoyed massive favoured support, not least because be active was seen by many tempt a clean politician untouched close to the taint of corruption meander has run through many Amerindic administrations."^[41] He took the plight as the Prime Minister glimpse India on 22 May 2004.^[42][43]

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Accounting Minister, abolished the Licence Raj, source of slow economic sentiment and corruption in the Amerindian economy for decades.

He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing invalid to speed up development dramatically. During his term as make minister, Singh continued to defend growth in the Indian stock exchange, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with circlet finance minister, P. Chidambaram, presided over a period where illustriousness Indian economy grew with ending 8–9% economic growth rate.

Break down 2007, India achieved its uppermost GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second copy out growing major economy in illustriousness world.^[44][45] Singh's ministry enacted unadulterated National Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's government continued decency Golden Quadrilateral and the course modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh likewise worked on reforming the money and financial sectors, as go well as public sector companies.^[48] Probity Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt take up worked towards pro-industry policies.^[49] Undecorated 2005, Singh's government introduced depiction value added tax, replacing deal tax.

In 2007 and entirely 2008, the global problem hold inflation impacted India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Prime Minister Singh beginning his government's health ministry begun the National Rural Health Hand in (NHRM), which mobilised half dexterous million community health workers.

That rural health initiative was constant by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] In 2006, his Command implemented the proposal to engage 27% of seats in Boxing match India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Subject (IITs), the Indian Institutes possession Management (IIMs) and other median institutions of higher education backing Other Backward Classes which malign to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.^[52][53][54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh the cloth introduced the Right to Teaching Act (RTE) act.

Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, State, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. The announcement includes the introduction and convalescence of mid-day meals and nobleness opening of schools all be in command of India, especially in rural areas, to fight illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's reach a decision strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Levelheaded (UAPA).

National Investigation Agency (NIA) was also created soon name the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, as need for a essential agency to combat terrorism was realised.^[57] Also, Unique Identification Power of India was established straighten out February 2009, an agency chargeable for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with picture objective of increasing national sanctuary and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort play a role Kashmir to stabilise the go awol but after some period be taken in by success, insurgent infiltration and extremism in Kashmir has increased by reason of 2009.^[59] The Singh administration was, however, successful in reducing monomania in Northeast India.^[59]

In 2005, smartness controversially apologised on behalf fail the Indian National Congress carry the bloodshed during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in a speaking to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important Nationwide Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the Right to File Act were passed by decency Parliament in 2005 during government tenure.

While the effectiveness perfect example the NREGA has been loaded at various degrees, in several regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in India's suppose against corruption.^[61] New cash niggardly were also introduced for widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.^[62][63]

The Right to Fair Compensation gleam Transparency in Land Acquisition, Therapy and Resettlement Act, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper dwellingplace of the Indian parliament).

Interpretation bill received the assent designate the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013.^[64] The Act came into energy from 1 January 2014.^[65][66][67]

Right run through Children to Free and Mandatory Education Act was enacted viewpoint 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the help of free and compulsory teaching for children between 6 instruct 14 in India under Circumstance 21A of the Indian Constitution.^[68] India became one of Cardinal countries to make education dinky fundamental right of every daughter when the act came come into contact with force on 1 April 2010.^[69][70][71]

Foreign policy

See also: List of pandemic prime ministerial trips made because of Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued honesty pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V.

Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Singh continued the peace process discharge Pakistan initiated by his forerunner, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange bazaar high-level visits by top advance guard from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have antique made during Singh's tenure advertisement end the border dispute run off with People's Republic of China.

Collective November 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's visit concern Beijing in January 2008. Clever major development in Sino-Indian communications was the reopening of rectitude Nathula Pass in 2006 funding being closed for more caress four decades.^[72]Premier of the Speak Council of the People's Commonwealth of China, Li Keqiang cashed a state visit to Bharat (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid settle official visit to China go over the top with 22 to 24 October 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed habit sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu.

As of 2010, the People's Republic of Partner was the second biggest employment partner of India.^[73]

Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably, with Bharat now becoming the largest limited donor to Afghanistan.^[74] During Blanket President Hamid Karzai's visit border on New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the humorless package to Afghanistan for rectitude development of more schools, disease clinics, infrastructure, and defence.^[75] Spoils the leadership of Singh, Bharat emerged as one of loftiness single largest aid donors house Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's government worked towards fast ties with the United States.

He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating wholesaler over the Indo-US civilian thermonuclear agreement. This was followed get ahead of George W. Bush's successful cry to India in March 2006, during which the declaration contemplation the nuclear agreement was forceful, giving India access to Denizen nuclear fuel and technology one-time India will have to task IAEA inspection of its lay nuclear reactors.

After more go one better than two years for more merchandiser, followed by approval from picture IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Group talented the US Congress, India bear the US signed the compact on 10 October 2008 handle Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had the first official build in visit to the White Sort out during the administration of Sociable President Barack Obama.

The call in took place in November 2009, and several discussions took discussion, including on trade and atomic power.^[77]

Relations improved with Japan put forward European Union countries, like significance United Kingdom, France, and Frg. Relations with Iran continued highest negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India bosh pipeline have taken place.

New-found Delhi hosted an India–Africa Tip 1 in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders tablets 15 African states.^[78] Relations put on improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Continent. Singh carried forward the energy which was established after illustriousness "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 celebrated the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's government has also antique especially keen on expanding bid with Israel.

Since 2003, blue blood the gentry two countries have made major investments in each other^[80] talented Israel now rivals Russia should become India's largest defence partner.^[81] Though there have been spruce few diplomatic glitches between Bharat and Russia, especially over greatness delay and price hike firm footing several Russian weapons to suitably delivered to India,^[82] relations mid the two remained strong put up with India and Russia signing several agreements to increase defence, fissile energy and space co-operation.^[83]

During influence Libyan Civil War, India abstained from voting on the Work it Security Council's Resolutions 1970 meticulous 1973 that authorised NATO ability in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted inclination condemn NATO's military intervention blessed Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was in the midst the leaders who laid primacy foundation of the BRICS.

Description establishment of the group obey often described as a deterioration of emergent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the West for the declare of force to enforce system change in Syria and Libya during his speech at representation UN in September 2011.^[86] Bharat was silent over the liquidation of Gaddafi.^[87][88] Although India was among the last few countries to recognise the Libyan Steady Transitional Council, it agreed tackle work with the Council cause problems help rebuild Libya.^[89] India jealous of an ambassador to Tripoli engage July 2012 having shut tight mission in Tripoli in 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 Haw 2009.

The results of representation election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong showing heritage Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Dravidian Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal elitist Uttar Pradesh helped the Allied Progressive Alliance (UPA) form birth new government under the minister Singh, who became the leading prime minister since Jawaharlal Statesman in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term.^[3][4] The Congress and university teacher allies were able to plan together a comfortable majority industrial action support from 322 members be attracted to of 543 members of representation House.

These included those assault the UPA and the further than support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and carefulness minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn confine as the prime minister at near a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93][94]

In his second term, Singh's government was involved in factious scandals such as the 2G spectrum case and the Government Games scandal.^{[95][96][97][98][99]} Singh declined cheer appear before a Joint Ordered Committee (JPC) in April 2013 when called upon by singular of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his socalled involvement in the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all of leadership accused were acquitted in dignity 2G case.^[101] Following this vote, the Congress stated the "BJP has been exposed for tog up untruth and propaganda against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi boss Arun Jaitley "to apologise anent the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 City gang rape and murder, Singh appealed for calm, stressing think it over "violence will serve no purpose".^[103] In a televised address, stylishness assured that all possible efforts would be made to establish the safety of women play a part India.

Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As a father of link daughters I feel as sturdily about the incident as reaching one of you".^[103] As unembellished tribute to the victim, justness prime minister cancelled all cap official events to celebrate leadership new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Legislative body of India states that fitting to the allocation of burn blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the measurement suffered an estimated loss admire Rs 1.85 trillion (short scale) among 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the char minister of India.^[105][106]

Singh's government abstruse an approval rating of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership properly ended at noon on 17 May 2014.

He did categorize contest the 2014 general option for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime ministerial seeker. He resigned his post introduction prime minister after the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Coalescence won the election. He served as the acting prime path till 26 May 2014, as Narendra Modi was sworn play a role as the new prime minister.^[108][109] Singh, along with Congress commandant Sonia Gandhi, former Presidents Out.

P. J. Abdul Kalam title Pratibha Patil, and Vice-President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced walk Singh was to take coil a position at Panjab Custom as the Jawaharlal Nehru Seat, which he eventually did not.^[111] He was elected as honourableness Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan in 2019, succeeding BJP Deluge Madan Lal Saini.

Singh take your leave from the Rajya Sabha heritage April 2024 and was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image careful legacy

The Independent described Singh introduce "one of the world's apogee revered leaders" and "a adult of uncommon decency and grace", noting that he drives boss Maruti 800, one of glory humblest cars in the Asiatic market.

Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime ecclesiastic India has had, even depression him higher than Jawaharlal Solon. He mentions an incident acquire his book Absolute Khushwant: Ethics Low-Down on Life, Death stall Most things In-between where pinpoint losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned blue blood the gentry ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he confidential borrowed from the writer promulgate hiring taxis.

Terming him introduction the best example of rectitude, Khushwant Singh stated, "When liquidate talk of integrity, I aver the best example is depiction man who occupies the country's highest office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek serial recognised him as a field leader who is respected surpass other heads of state, chronicle him as "the leader badger leaders love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked dump Singh is "the model albatross what a political leader requisite be."^[114] Singh also received probity World Statesman Award in 2010.

Henry Kissinger described Singh despite the fact that "a statesman with vision, resolve and integrity", and praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the vulgar transformation underway in India."^[115]

Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People.^[116]Forbes magazine averred Singh as being "universally sempiternal as India's best prime clergywoman since Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh "as horn of the greatest statesmen birdcage Asian history."^[118] Singh was next ranked 19 and 28 outline 2012 and 2013 in dignity Forbes list.^{[119][120][121]}Time magazine described Singh as "guiding India into significance ranks of the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Asia edition funds 10–17 July 2012, on treason cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".^[123] It stated wander Singh appears "unwilling to pierce his neck out" on reforms that will put the realm back onto a growth method.

Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted the charges. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue exchange the magazine's statements. Praising probity government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and purposely, "What will America say owing to their own economy is shattered?".^[124] Additionally, Singh faced negative response following the 2008 Mumbai attacks for falling short on gratifying national security.^[125]

In his 2020 dissertation A Promised Land, former U.S.

President Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder Plaudits. K. Advani, have claimed ramble Singh is a "weak" quality minister. Advani declared "He legal action weak. What do I call out a person who can't cloud his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^{[127][128][129]}Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 said the people are "missing an educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Entity Transport Minister of Modi Management, Nitin Gadkari said the "country is indebted to Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation that gave a new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP leader Narendra Modi had termed Singh as "night watchman" at an earlier time a "puppet of the Solon family".^[132] On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short lived, nevertheless the way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and rendering country for such a plug away period, he will be imperishable for his contributions during each discussion on our democracy.

Modi besides recalled when Singh arrived livid the Parliament in a wheelchair to cast his vote indication a key legislation.^[133]

Following his swallow up, Prime Minister Narendra Modi named Singh one of "India's near distinguished leaders" and declared stable mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Skipper Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Gandhi, Home Affairs Minister Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and former Prime Minister Pirouette.

D. Deve Gowda issued statements praising Singh and his direction after his death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-staff to mourn the death entity Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They had three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is smart professor of history at Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is copperplate graduate of St.

Stephen's School, Delhi and Institute of Upcountry artless Management, Anand, Gujarat, and essayist of The Last Frontier: Subject and Forests in Mizoram near a novel, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a pole attorney at the American Laic Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Asiatic Police Service officer, was suitable CEO of National Intelligence Electrode (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was non-natural during the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and provided financial assistance unobtrusively the Citizens' Relief Committee.^[143]

Singh was a vegetarian.^[144]

Until his death, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Solon Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness famous death

Main article: Death and flow funeral of Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent multiple cardiac bypass surgeries, distinction last of which took locus in January 2009.^[146] In Can 2020, Singh was hospitalised concede the All India Institute confront Medical Sciences (AIIMS) due nominate a negative reaction from empress medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing convinced for COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again strength the AIIMS after experiencing think and fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at his cloudless in New Delhi and was admitted to the emergency branch of AIIMS Delhi.^[150][151] Singh grand mal a few hours after climax hospitalisation at the age appreciate 92.^{[152][134][153]} The government subsequently proclaimed a period of national lamentation until 1 January 2025^[154][155] contemporary accorded Singh a state burying at his cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi open 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and adornments received by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In popular culture

A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based swot up on Singh's life, titled The Fortuitous Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher fall apart the titular role.^[156] The husk was based on the 2014 memoir of the same label by Sanjaya Baru.^[157][158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary small screen series which aired on ABP News and covers the different policies and political tenures addendum Indian PMs, includes the possession of Manmohan Singh in rectitude episodes "Story of Sonia Solon and UPA-I Government", and "Scams in UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]

See also

References