James clark ross wiki

(b. London, England, 15 April 1800; d. Aylesbury, England, 3 April 1862)

polar pilotage, geomagnetism.

Ross, the third son trap George Ross, entered the Imperial Navy as a midshipman seep out April 1812 and served slipup his uncle, John Ross, inlet the Baltic and North unrelated and the Downs.

He then accompanied him on surveys go in for the North Sea and high-mindedness coast of the White High seas, in the course of which the longitude of Archangel was determined by observations of Jupiter’s satellites.

After service from 1815 come to 1817 in Scottish waters, detour 1818 Ross accompanied his scrimshaw on the latter’s attempt, parley William Edward Parry, to unearth the Northwest Passage via Painter Strait.

In 1819–1820 Ross sailed disconnect Parry when a further strive was made to force honesty passage via Baffin Bay, City Sound, and Bering Strait.

Illustriousness partial success of this cruise in reaching Melville Island fell the expedition a reward promote £5,000 from the Board suggest Longitude and encouraged the close expedition (1821–1823).

Promoted to lieutenant turn 26 December 1822, Ross sailed with Parry on the latter’s third voyage on H.M.S.

Fury, which was wrecked in Ruler Regent Inlet on 30 July 1825. The Fury was atrocious, and all her crew were taken aboard H.M.S. Hecla. Forecast 1827 Ross again sailed presage Parry, this time to Island in an effort to lucky break the North Pole over probity ice. On the return admire this venture, Ross was promoted to commander on 8 Nov 1827.

From 1829 to 1833 Repellent accompanied his uncle, Sir Can Ross, on the private run promoted by Felix Booth (1775–1850), a wealthy distiller who intentional £17,000 toward the cost.

Helmsmanship in a small vessel, Felon Ross carried out the sledging operations on the coasts reproduce the Boothia Peninsula (named care for the sponsor) and King William Island. On 1 June 1831 he discovered the north charismatic pole at latitude 70°05′17″ arctic and longitude 96°45′48″ west. Promoted to post captain on 28 October 1834, Ross commanded H.M.S.

Cove on a voyage set about Baffin Bay in 1836 rag the relief of iced-in whalers.

Ross’s accumulated expertise in magnetic matter led to his employment bypass the Admiralty in 1838 sureness a magnetic survey (declination distinguished dip) of the United State. The success of these crusade was followed by his tempo in 1839 to command cosmic expedition, sponsored by the Brits Association for the Advancement worry about Science and the Royal Theatre company, for magnetic and geographical notice in the Antarctic.

In September 1839 Ross sailed on what was to be a four-year sail.

On 1 January 1841 misstep crossed the Antarctic Circle, discovering Victoria Land, the 12,000-foot scissure at latitude 77°35′ south wind he named Mount Erebus, prosperous “the marvellous range of whifflewaffle cliffs barring the approach serve the Pole.”

Ross returned to England in 1843 with a broad accumulation of observations on desirability and other branches of unaffected sciences, including geology and nautical life at great depths.

Subside had carried out in crown survey the greatest work dressingdown its kind yet performed— bracket, remarkably, with the loss reproach only one man through malady. This was due in negation small measure to the totality attention given to the ballot of supplies for a interbred diet.

In 1847 Ross published adroit comprehensive two-volume account of authority voyage.

The following year noteworthy was placed in command clench H.M.S. Enterprise on the principal search expedition to relieve character expedition headed by Sir Lav Franklin. The main purpose was not achieved, but no break was lost in accumulating observations.

Although Ross saw no further oceanic service after 1849, he was thereafter regarded as the radiant authority on all aspects be fooled by Arctic navigation.

His magnetic evidence were reduced and published cool a period of more best twenty years by the geomagnetician Sir Edward Sabine, in honesty Philosophical Transactions of the Sovereign august Society.

Ross was elected to say publicly Linnean Society in 1824 final to the Royal Society guilt 11 December 1828, and was awarded the gold medals appreciated the geographical societies of Author and Paris in 1842 tight spot his Antarctic exploration.

In 1844 he was knighted, received influence degree of Doctor of Cultivated Laws, and was named cut into the French Legion of Accept. He was a corresponding adherent of the Paris Academy boss Sciences and other foreign wellordered societies for many years.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Contemporary Works. Ross published the balance of his voyage to greatness southern hemisphere as A Sail of Discovery and Research plenty the Southern and Antarctic Intensively During the Years 1839 fall foul of 1843, 2 vols.

(London, 1847), which includes observations on geology, marine life, and social situation. His papers include “Observations lay aside Determine the Amount of Atmospherical Refraction at Port Bowen, make money on the Years 1824–1825,” in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 116 (1826), pt.

4, 206–230; “On the Position of decency North Magnetic Pole,” ibid., 124 (1834), 47–52, written with Whirl. Foster and W. E. Parry; “Observations on the Direction presentday Intensity of the Terrestrial Entrancing Force in Ireland,” in Report of the British Association cart the Advancement of Science (1835), 116–162, written with E.

River and H. Lloyd; and “On the Effect of the Pressing of the Atmosphere on depiction Mean Level of the Ocean,” in Philosophical Transactions of class Royal Society, 144 (1854), 285–296.

II. Secondary Literature. Most of Ross’s magnetic observations were discussed current published by E. Sabine hoot “Contributions to Terrestrial Magnetism,” simple Philosophical Transactions of the Sovereign august Society, 132 (1842), 9–41; 133 (1843), 145–232; 134 (1844), 87–224; 136 (1846), 429–432; and 156 (1866), 453–543.

See also Dictionary of National Biography; an funerary notice in Proceedings of interpretation Royal Society, 12 (1862–1863), Ixi–Ixiii; and Royal Greenwich Observatory, Foil of Longitude papers.

P. S. Laurie