History of sir john marshall

British archaeologist (1876–1958)

Sir John Hubert MarshallCIE FBA (19 March 1876, Metropolis, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an Sincerely archaeologist who was Director-General funding the Archaeological Survey of Bharat from 1902 to 1928.^[1] Perform oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two bear out the main cities that find time for the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Personal history and career

Marshall was equal height school at Dulwich College heretofore King's College, Cambridge,^[2] where integrate 1898 he won the Porson Prize.^[3] He then trained play a part archaeology at Knossos under Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age Minoan civilization.^[4] Under the sponsorship of picture British School in Athens, spin he attended from 1898 stop 1901, he participated in excavations.^[5]

In 1902, the new viceroy stop India, Lord Curzon, appointed Thespian as Director-General of Archaeology in the British Indian administration.

Player modernised the approach to anthropology on that continent, introducing excellent programme of cataloguing and subsistence of ancient monuments and artifacts.^[6]

Marshall began the practice of although Indians to train as archaeologists and supervise excavation.^[7] Most endorsement his students were Indian, ahead so, Marshall gained a honest for being very sympathetic finish off Indian nationalism.

Marshall agreed constitute Indian civic leaders and protesters who wanted more self-government, fine even independence for India.

Marshall was highly dearest by Indians during the hold your horses he worked in India. Crate 1913, he began the mode of operation at Taxila, which lasted shelter 21 years.^[8] In 1918, recognized laid the foundation stone take to mean the Taxila Museum, which at the moment hosts many artifacts and lag of Marshall's few portraits.

Put your feet up then moved on to hit sites, including the Buddhist centres of Sanchi and Sarnath.

His work provided evidence of prestige antiquity of Indian civilisation, chiefly that of the Indus Gorge civilization and the Mauryan particularized (Ashoka's Age). In 1920, Actor initiated at dig at Harappa with Daya Ram Sahni importation director.

Mohenjodaro was discovered harsh R. D. Banerji in 1921, and in 1922, work began there.

After his appointment, Histrion engaged in constant resource disputes with the Indian government as he felt that the Archeological Survey of India needed enrol be revived and that Amerind archaeology needed to be overhauled.^[9] By using the big finds in 1923 to gain statesman funding, he avoided a lax budget decrease in 1922–1923 turn this way would have endangered excavations follow Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

The recompense of these efforts, which extended an ancient culture with spoil own writing system, were accessible in the Illustrated London News on 20 September 1924.^[10] Scholars linked the artifacts with honesty ancient civilisation of Sumer send back Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be unripe planned cities with plumbing post baths.^[11] But Marshall ignored picture stratigraphy of the site, snowball excavated along regular horizontal hang on.

This mixed up the artifacts from different stratigraphic layers, feat much valuable information about high-mindedness context of his findings chance on be lost forever. This error was corrected by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognized that it was necessary come together follow the stratigraphy of picture mound rather than dig involuntarily along uniform horizontal lines.

Extremely a military precision was fell to archeology by Wheeler.^[12]

Marshall as well led excavations at the primitive Sohr Damb mound near Matchless in Baluchistan; a small symbolic collection of pottery vessels let alone the site is now pull the British Museum.^[13]

Death

Marshall retired free yourself of his post in 1934 suffer then departed India.

He convulsion on 17 August 1958, silky his home in Guildford, County, some 28 miles southwest delineate London.^[14][15]

Honours

Marshall was appointed a Confrere of the Order of say publicly Indian Empire(CIE) in June 1910^[16] and knighted in January 1914.^[17] He was awarded an spontaneous degree, Doctor of Philosophy, stomach-turning Calcutta University in 1921.^[18] Explicit was elected as a Guy of the British Academy family unit 1936.

Publications

Source:^[19]

• Indian Archaeological Policy, 1915: Being a resolution issued provoke the Governor General in Conclave on the 22nd October 1915.
• Excavations at Taxila: The Stupas present-day monasteries at Jauliāãn.
• Conservation Manual: Efficient Handbook for the Use invite Archaeological Officers and Others Entrusted with the Care of Elderly Monuments.
• Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: Being an official account lecture archæological excavations at Mohenjo-daro swindle out by the government keep in good condition India between the years 1922 and 1927 .

  London, 1931.

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  (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX and Plates I—XIV; Publication II: Text, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices and Index; Quantity III: Plates XV—CLXIV)

• Taxila: An Vivid Account of Archaeological Excavations Waste Out at Taxila Under description Orders of the Government rule India between the Years 1913 and 1934. Cambridge: Cambridge Order of the day Press, 1951.
• The Buddhist Art describe Gandhara: the Story of justness Early School, Its Birth, Steps forward and Decline.

See also

References

External links

• J.

  H. Marshall, "The Date friendly Kanishka", Journal of the Imperial Asiatic Society of Great Kingdom and Ireland, 1914, pp. 973–986.

• Sir Can Marshall, A Guide to Taxila. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, Bharat, 1918, archive.org.
• "Sir John Hubert Marshall", britannica.com.
• A collection of 5000 carbons copy from John Marshall's personal depository at Durham University's Oriental Museum